Question 1

Multiple baseline designs are preferred over withdrawal designs when

Accepted Answer

A)  more than one subject is being tested
B)  one treatment is being compared directly with another
C)  the behavior being altered is self-destructive
D)  the behavior to be changed must be changed graduallyE) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

According to Skinner's experimental analysis of behavior,

Accepted Answer

A)  the goal is to identify the stimuli that cause each of our behaviors to occur
B)  it is important to study both how often a behavior occurs and how quickly it occurs
C)  the consequences of behavior determine the future probability of the behavior occurring again
D)  behaviors that lead to rewards do not have to be learned - they are innateE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 3

What was Skinner's attitude about applied psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  he was a strong advocate of applying operant principles
B)  he believed that operant research should be exclusively basic laboratory research until all the laws of operant conditioning were well established
C)  he was almost exclusively an applied psychologist - basic laws of conditioning did not interest him
D)  he supported it, but preferred to leave applications to non-operant psychologistsE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Which of the following is true about the A-B design,

Accepted Answer

A)  A refers to the treatment being tested
B)  B is when the treatment is withdrawn
C)  it allows for causal conclusions to be drawn
D)  it lacks a period when the treatment is withdrawnE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is true about case study research?

Accepted Answer

A)  the personality theorist Gordon Allport believed that case studies were only useful if they supplemented more valid methods
B)  they are of limited value because they normally concern extremely unusual persons
C)  the data from the subjects of case studies can be limited by memory failures
D)  an advantage is the lack of experimenter biasE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 6

All of the following have been used as arguments for the use of small N except

Accepted Answer

A)  averaging the data from a large N study can produce results that do not reflect individual performance
B)  some populations are too small to be examined using large N methods
C)  it is impossible to avoid confounding with large N studies
D)  some studies (e.g., language learning in apes) require intense study of just a few subjects over a long period of timeE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 7

Which of the following has not been a common criticism of small N designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  results do not generalize beyond the treatment environment
B)  behaviors aren't defined very carefully
C)  inadequate statistical analyses
D)  unable to identify interactions easilyE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 8

Luria's mnemonist ("S.") was studied through the use of which procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  interview survey method
B)  single-subject withdrawal procedures
C)  case study procedures
D)  archival researchE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 9

In a typical A-B-A design,

Accepted Answer

A)  a baseline is measured before anything else happens
B)  treatment is put in place (
A)  , then withdrawn (
B)  , then reintroduced (
A)  
C)  B refers to the "Baseline" phase of the study
D)  treatment effects can be evaluated twiceE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

In the Dresslar study on facial vision, Dresslar and two colleagues served as subjects. How were the results handled?

Accepted Answer

A)  the data for the three subjects were summarized with descriptive statistics
B)  the data for each subject were presented separately
C)  the data for subject #3 were the clearest; only these data were shown
D)  the results took the form of verbal descriptions; numbers were not usedE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 11

A changing criterion design is built on the operant conditioning principle of

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping
B)  withdrawal
C)  extinction
D)  punishmentE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

What does it mean to say that a study fails the "individual-subject validity" test?

Accepted Answer

A)  it means that sample size is too small
B)  it means that the individuals in the study do not behave as predicted by the hypothesis
C)  it means that the overall conclusion is not reflected in the behavior of individual participants
D)  it means that leakage occurred - too many of the individual participants in the study knew the true hypothesis ahead of timeE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Which of the following was true about Thorndike's research on cats in puzzle boxes?

Accepted Answer

A)  his explanations were criticized for not being parsimonious
B)  more than one cat was tested, with the additional cats serving a replication purpose
C)  his results were a direct contradiction of Skinner's ideas about conditioning
D)  it shows how all the early researchers had to be highly talented as apparatus buildersE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

In the early years of experimental psychology (approximately 1880-1920) , each of the following was true except

Accepted Answer

A)  experimenters often participated as subjects in their own studies
B)  studies were more likely to have small N than large N
C)  subjects were often referred to as 'observers'
D)  replication was a problem because means were based on just two or three subjectsE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

Compared to an A-B-A design, the A-B-A-B design

Accepted Answer

A)  evaluates the treatment twice
B)  withdraws the treatment twice
C)  leaves subjects exactly where they were when the study began
D)  raises more ethical problemsE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 16

What is the best design to use when trying to develop a consistent exercise program?

Accepted Answer

A)  alternating treatments
B)  multiple baseline
C)  withdrawal
D)  changing criterionE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Freud's research was primarily of the _______ variety.

Accepted Answer

A)  case study
B)  observational
C)  archival
D)  interview surveyE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 18

Small N designs have been criticized for

Accepted Answer

A)  being unable to test for interactions
B)  being unconcerned with applications
C)  using too many different dependent variables
D)  overuse of statistical analysisE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Multiple baseline studies examine all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  two or more different treatment programs
B)  two or more different individuals
C)  two or more different settings
D)  two or more different behaviorsE) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

For Skinner, the dependent variable of choice was

Accepted Answer

A)  how often a behavior occurs
B)  how quickly a behavior occurs
C)  the strength of a behavior
D)  whether the behavior was correct or in errorE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Exam 12: Small N Designs

Luria's mnemonist ("S.") was studied through the use of which procedure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared to an A-B-A design, the A-B-A-B design

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Multiple baseline designs are preferred over withdrawal designs when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the Dresslar study on facial vision, Dresslar and two colleagues served as subjects. How were the results handled?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What does it mean to say that a study fails the "individual-subject validity" test?

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Which of the following is true about the A-B design,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the early years of experimental psychology (approximately 1880-1920) , each of the following was true except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following have been used as arguments for the use of small N except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Skinner's experimental analysis of behavior,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A changing criterion design is built on the operant conditioning principle of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a typical A-B-A design,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Multiple baseline studies examine all of the following except

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What was Skinner's attitude about applied psychology?

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Small N designs have been criticized for

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Which of the following has not been a common criticism of small N designs?

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Which of the following is true about case study research?

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Which of the following was true about Thorndike's research on cats in puzzle boxes?

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For Skinner, the dependent variable of choice was

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the best design to use when trying to develop a consistent exercise program?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Freud's research was primarily of the _______ variety.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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