Question 1

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

Accepted Answer

A)   The mucus contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals and molecules.
B)   Both the mucus and the outer layer of cells are shed frequently.
C)   The mucus secreted by the mucous membrane physically traps microbes.
D)   The mucus is a physical trap that contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals.
E)   The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 2

The third line of defense against infecting microbes is called (adaptive/innate/natural) immunity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The third line of defense against infecting...

Question 3

Which of the following statements is TRUE of eosinophils?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc.
B)   They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement.
C)   They secrete toxins onto the surface of helminth parasites.
D)   They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
E)   They decline during allergic reaction.F) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 4

Phagocytes can directly detect microbial molecules like LPS and peptidoglycan by means of

Accepted Answer

A)   the complement cascade.
B)   toll-like receptors.
C)   bradykinin binding.
D)   interferon receptors.
E)   PAMPs.F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 5

The alternative pathway for complement activation is more effective than the classical pathway.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Lectins specific for mannose can lead to attack on fungi by

Accepted Answer

A)   macrophages.
B)   complement.
C)   NK cells.
D)   basophils.
E)   neutrophils.F) All of the above
G) C) and E)

Question 7

The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes

Accepted Answer

A)   are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
B)   increase in allergies and helminth infection.
C)   release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
D)   are specialists in killing bacteria.
E)   respond to the coating of a pathogen by complement.F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 8

Neutrophils produce , which can be triggered by sugar molecules on the surface of microbes to damage the microbes.

Accepted Answer

A)   interferons
B)   TLRs
C)   antimicrobial peptides
D)   NOD proteins
E)   C3 and C5F) None of the above
G) C) and E)

Question 9

What is the function of NK cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   They phagocytose virus particles.
B)   They release defensins to damage bacteria.
C)   They identify and poison virus-infected cells.
D)   They release toxins to damage helminth parasites.
E)   They release interferons in response to detecting virus particles.F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

Question 10

Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The surface of the skin serves as a barrier to microbial invasion in part because it is

Accepted Answer

A)   constantly patrolled by neutrophils.
B)   an acidic, high-salt environment.
C)   a high-salt environment.
D)   acidic.
E)   moisturized by mucus secretions.F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 12

What do the nasal cavity, mouth, and urinary system have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)   The outer layers remain intact for many days.
B)   They are lined with mucous membranes.
C)   They are lined with tightly packed dead cells.
D)   They have roles in excretion of waste products.
E)   They are poorly vascularized.F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

Question 13

Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

A)   C1
B)   C2
C)   C3
D)   C4
E)   C5F) B) and E)
G) B) and C)

Question 14

Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Some toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found in phagosome membranes and bind forms of nucleic acids. Discuss how these TLRs and their location can play a role in the response to viral infection. (You may have to recall information from one or more previous chapters.)

Accepted Answer

When viral particles are bound and engul...

Question 16

In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem...

Question 17

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature

Accepted Answer

A)   prevents viral infection of fibroblasts.
B)   denatures viral proteins.
C)   results in virus being shed in sweat.
D)   increases vasodilation, bringing more leukocytes to the site of infection.
E)   increases the effectiveness of interferons.F) D) and E)
G) B) and E)

Question 20

Inflammation is an important part of the bodyʹs first line of defense, and it involves migration of phagocytes to the area.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 15: Innate Immunity

Sweat can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The third line of defense against infecting microbes is called (adaptive/innate/natural) immunity.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a process called (cytokinesis/hematopoiesis/hematocrit), blood stem cells located in the bone marrow produce the three types of formed elements found in the blood.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Inflammation is an important part of the bodyʹs first line of defense, and it involves migration of phagocytes to the area.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What do the nasal cavity, mouth, and urinary system have in common?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Fever is beneficial during viral infection because the higher temperature

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Phagocytes can directly detect microbial molecules like LPS and peptidoglycan by means of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The alternative pathway for complement activation is more effective than the classical pathway.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is TRUE of eosinophils?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Neutrophils produce , which can be triggered by sugar molecules on the surface of microbes to damage the microbes.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The growth of some microbes is inhibited by elevated body temperature.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found in phagosome membranes and bind forms of nucleic acids. Discuss how these TLRs and their location can play a role in the response to viral infection. (You may have to recall information from one or more previous chapters.)

Correct AnswerverifiedWhen viral particles are bound and engul...View AnswerShow Answer

Which complement protein is the key to activating the alternative pathway of complement activation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The leukocytes called natural killer lymphocytes

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The surface of the skin serves as a barrier to microbial invasion in part because it is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the function of NK cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Lectins specific for mannose can lead to attack on fungi by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mucous membranes are quite thin and fragile. How can such delicate tissue provide defense against microbial invaders?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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When viral particles are bound and engul...
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