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In North America, many kinds of birds have closely related eastern and western counterparts (species or subspecies) that sometimes produce hybrid offspring where their ranges overlap. Eastern and western meadowlarks are virtually indistinguishable from each other in appearance, and yet, despite the fact that their ranges overlap throughout much of the Midwest, there are few documented cases of the meadowlark counterparts mating with each other and producing hybrid offspring. Propose mechanisms that would prevent cross- breeding between eastern and western meadowlarks, thus maintaining the counterparts as separate species.

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It is possible that the two species sing...

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A small flock of birds becomes stranded on an isolated island during a hurricane. The birds successfully breed and spread across the island. Several decades later, a hurricane hits the island and randomly kills off most of the birds, including the only birds in the population that had black tails. Which one of the following processes is best illustrated in this example?


A) Gene flow
B) Speciation
C) Natural selection
D) Genetic drift

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment projects the impacts of human activities on .


A) natural selection and speciation rates
B) declining global biodiversity
C) degradation of the ozone layer
D) the prevalence of antibiotic- resistant bacteria

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction?


A) A migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are now gone and replaced by a suburb
B) A moth, brought to the United States for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming established
C) An orchid endemic to a forest where logging is occurring
D) A healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that completely dominates its native environment

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Compared to the long- term historical average rate of extinction, extinction rates today are .


A) higher
B) about the same
C) lower
D) changing from higher to lower rates in the past century

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. If the groups remain isolated from each other for a long period of time, .


A) both groups will probably become invasive species
B) one group will probably become an endemic species
C) the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur
D) both groups will probably go extinct

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following are prokaryotes?


A) Yeast cells
B) Sunflowers
C) Soil bacteria
D) The president and first lady

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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What scientific discipline involves the naming and classifying of species according to their similarities?


A) Taxonomy
B) Agronomy
C) Ecology
D) Environmental science

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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New genetic traits upon which natural selection can act usually arise from _.


A) increases in cell size and shape
B) mutations
C) the demands of the environment
D) the need to become adapted to a new environment

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following correctly depicts the pathway of the transfer of genetic information?


A) protein -DNA -RNA
B) DNA -protein -RNA
C) RNA -DNA -protein
D) DNA -RNA -protein

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Ecotourism .


A) increases biodiversity by introducing new, rare species
B) decreases biodiversity by the selling of souvenir organisms
C) maintains biodiversity by providing income to areas that might otherwise be destroyed
D) decreases biodiversity by causing increased speciation in environmentally sensitive areas

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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have greater species richness than .


A) Deserts; tropical rainforests
B) Tropical and subtropical grasslands; tropical rainforests
C) Oceans; terrestrial ecosystems
D) Coral reefs; other areas of the oceans

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of _ _.


A) habitat alteration
B) the problems with monoculture
C) the results of an invasive species
D) overharvesting

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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A small flock of birds becomes stranded on an isolated island during a hurricane. The birds successfully breed and spread across the island. Several decades later, another flock of birds of the same species also becomes stranded on the island. The new arrivals are slightly larger than the rest of the birds, but they freely interbreed with the rest of the birds, and they produce fertile offspring. Which one of the following processes is best illustrated in this example?


A) Speciation
B) Genetic drift
C) Natural selection
D) Gene flow

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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The greatest threat to global biodiversity is .


A) habitat destruction
B) chemical pollution
C) the introduction of alien species
D) overconsumption of rice, corn, and wheat

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA is located in _.


A) structures called eukaryons
B) structures called plasmids
C) the nucleus
D) the nucleoid region

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which processes regulate the world's current level of species diversity?


A) Endemism and climate change
B) Extinction and speciation
C) Mutation and humidity
D) Speciation and migration

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Extinction is .


A) the loss of communities from the planet
B) a natural process
C) proceeding more slowly now than at any other time
D) something that occurs only rarely
E) always caused by human disturbance

F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

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Explain why today's estimate of the number of species present on Earth is so uncertain.

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One reason for the uncertainty in the es...

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The five major factors contributing to extinction today are .


A) hunting, fishing, habitat destruction, crop production, and the draining of wetlands
B) habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change
C) air pollution, water pollution, toxic waste, ozone depletion, and agriculture
D) catastrophic storms, invasive species, earthquakes and associated tsunamis, pollution, and agriculture

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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