Question 1

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful. This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

Accepted Answer

A)  the informational view.
B)  the interactionism theory.
C)  the law of effect.
D)  shaping.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptations.
B)  gradients.
C)  successive approximations.
D)  conditioning trials.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 3

Which of the following involves any process in which information is imparted by example and allows the observer to skip the tedious trial-and-error stage of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical learning
B)  modeling
C)  operant conditioning
D)  response chainingE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 4

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?

Accepted Answer

A)  chocolate-chip cookies
B)  black cherry ice cream
C)  gold stars on a chart
D)  an afternoon napE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

A gambler playing a slot machine is being reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio
B)  variable interval
C)  variable ratio
D)  continuousE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

Punishment is often a bad idea in modifying behavior because it

Accepted Answer

A)  has no effect on most people.
B)  takes too long to take effect.
C)  can increase aggression.
D)  is ineffective in suppressing undesirable behaviors.E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

If a response is extinguished and comes back, the second operant extinction process usually

Accepted Answer

A)  takes a longer time.
B)  takes a shorter time.
C)  takes the same amount of time as the first extinction process.
D)  does not work.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

After he is spanked, Terrence feels angry, frustrated, and hostile, and goes immediately outside and picks a fight with his younger brother. What is most likely to occur in the future?

Accepted Answer

A)  Picking a fight with his brother will be an isolated event in the future, although he will still misbehave and receive spankings.
B)  Because Terrence releases some of his anger on his younger brother, his aggression will be rewarded and will tend to occur again in other frustrating situations.
C)  Because Terrence releases his anger on his younger brother, he will be less likely to be aggressive toward any other children in the future due to the cathartic effect.
D)  Terrence's overall aggression will decline, and he will become a model child at home, in the neighborhood, and at school.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both parents should be consistent in what they regard as misbehavior and punish this behavior every time it occurs and in the same way.
B)  If a parent punishes a child and then finds that the child was innocent, the parent should not say anything to the child in order to put the incident behind them.
C)  When parents use punishment, they should also reward an alternate, desired response for that situation.
D)  If you cannot punish an animal or young child immediately, wait for the next instance of misbehavior.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US) , which of the following will eventually occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization
B)  shaping
C)  extinction
D)  latent conditioningE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

We are more adaptable because learning is extended to related situations through

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization.
B)  spontaneous recoveries.
C)  extinction.
D)  acquisitional conditioning.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 12

The onset of an unpleasant event that reduces a target behavior is referred to as a positive punishment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Many involuntary, autonomic system responses ("fight-or-flight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Accepted Answer

A)  operant extinction.
B)  classical conditioning.
C)  operant conditioning.
D)  instrumental acquisition.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 14

Your hand draws back from pain, bright light causes the pupil of your eye to narrow, and a puff of air directed at your eye will make you blink. All of these are examples of

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexes.
B)  operants.
C)  neurological expectancies.
D)  cognitive maps.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

When walking outside, your hands get so cold that they hurt. You take a pair of gloves out of your backpack and put them on, ending the pain. Putting on the gloves is

Accepted Answer

A)  negatively reinforced.
B)  a form of punishment.
C)  positively reinforced.
D)  a type of response cost.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 16

Compared with learning by rote, which of the following produces learning that is more lasting and flexible?

Accepted Answer

A)  discovery learning
B)  instrumental learning
C)  respondent conditioning
D)  shapingE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following would be the most effective in stopping a behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  negatively reinforcing the response
B)  weak punishment
C)  moderate punishment
D)  severe punishmentE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Sanjay is making a decision concerning which job he will accept. He remembers how it was in similar jobs in the past and anticipates potential rewards and problems on each of these jobs. Like all humans, Sanjay's decision making is greatly affected by information, expectations, and his perceptions and demonstrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning.
B)  vicarious classical conditioning.
C)  cognitive learning.
D)  instrumental learning.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 19

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers, such as money, gold stars, and poker chips that can be exchanged for food, lodgings, and other necessities?

Accepted Answer

A)  token reinforcers
B)  social reinforcers
C)  unconditioned reinforcers
D)  negative reinforcersE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is called

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction.
B)  fading.
C)  shaping.
D)  secondary transfer.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning

If a response is extinguished and comes back, the second operant extinction process usually

Correct Answer
verified

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US) , which of the following will eventually occur?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?

Correct Answer
verified

Compared with learning by rote, which of the following produces learning that is more lasting and flexible?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following involves any process in which information is imparted by example and allows the observer to skip the tedious trial-and-error stage of learning?

Correct Answer
verified

Your hand draws back from pain, bright light causes the pupil of your eye to narrow, and a puff of air directed at your eye will make you blink. All of these are examples of

Correct Answer
verified

After he is spanked, Terrence feels angry, frustrated, and hostile, and goes immediately outside and picks a fight with his younger brother. What is most likely to occur in the future?

Correct Answer
verified

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful. This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following would be the most effective in stopping a behavior?

Correct Answer
verified

We are more adaptable because learning is extended to related situations through

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers, such as money, gold stars, and poker chips that can be exchanged for food, lodgings, and other necessities?

Correct Answer
verified

Punishment is often a bad idea in modifying behavior because it

Correct Answer
verified

When walking outside, your hands get so cold that they hurt. You take a pair of gloves out of your backpack and put them on, ending the pain. Putting on the gloves is

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?

Correct Answer
verified

The onset of an unpleasant event that reduces a target behavior is referred to as a positive punishment.

Correct Answer
verified

A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

Correct Answer
verified

A gambler playing a slot machine is being reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?

Correct Answer
verified

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is called

Correct Answer
verified

Many involuntary, autonomic system responses ("fight-or-flight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning

If a response is extinguished and comes back, the second operant extinction process usually

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US) , which of the following will eventually occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compared with learning by rote, which of the following produces learning that is more lasting and flexible?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following involves any process in which information is imparted by example and allows the observer to skip the tedious trial-and-error stage of learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your hand draws back from pain, bright light causes the pupil of your eye to narrow, and a puff of air directed at your eye will make you blink. All of these are examples of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After he is spanked, Terrence feels angry, frustrated, and hostile, and goes immediately outside and picks a fight with his younger brother. What is most likely to occur in the future?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle, your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful. This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would be the most effective in stopping a behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

We are more adaptable because learning is extended to related situations through

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers, such as money, gold stars, and poker chips that can be exchanged for food, lodgings, and other necessities?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Punishment is often a bad idea in modifying behavior because it

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When walking outside, your hands get so cold that they hurt. You take a pair of gloves out of your backpack and put them on, ending the pain. Putting on the gloves is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The onset of an unpleasant event that reduces a target behavior is referred to as a positive punishment.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A gambler playing a slot machine is being reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Many involuntary, autonomic system responses ("fight-or-flight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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