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Pre-Columbian Native Americans were viewed by Europeans as "backwards" due to their


A) lack of farming techniques.
B) lack of metal tools.
C) inadequate hunting and fishing skills.
D) lack of trade networks.
E) inability to communicate within their tribes.

F) C) and D)
G) D) and E)

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How did Pope Alexander VI restructure the land of the non-Christian world in 1493?


A) He granted the northern half of North America to France.
B) He refused to give land to England because it was Protestant.
C) He encouraged more crusades to regain Jerusalem.
D) He granted the Dutch sole control of Africa.
E) He divided the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal.

F) B) and D)
G) B) and C)

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Inspired by tales of golden cities, the Spanish mounted explorations of the present-day US. Southwest.

A) True
B) False

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In 1517, the German priest ________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption.


A) Martin Buber
B) Ulrich Zwingli
C) Martin Luther
D) Reinhold Niebuhr
E) Johannes Gutenberg

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Mestizos


A) were people of entirely indigenous (native) ancestry.
B) were persons of mixed origin who made up a large part of the urban population of Spanish America.
C) were a very small group, because intermarriage between Spanish and native people was illegal.
D) were people of European birth who occupied the top of the social hierarchy in Spanish America.
E) were enslaved Africans.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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"Christian liberty" meant to be free from sin.

A) True
B) False

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When European clergy read to Native Americans from the Bible about God creating the world in six days, was there anything relatable for Native Americans?


A) Most Native Americans did not have any religion to compare with Christianity.
B) No Native American religions believed in creation myths.
C) Most Native Americans compared the Bible with their own written version of the Old Testament.
D) Some Native Americans stated that they were a lost tribe of Israel.
E) Many Native Americans concurred with the idea of a single supreme being creating the world.

F) None of the above
G) D) and E)

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How did Native Americans view the concept of land ownership?


A) They treated land as a space for only hunting, not farming.
B) They viewed land as a common resource to use.
C) They viewed land as a possession owned only by individuals, not families.
D) They considered land as a trading opportunity.
E) They treated land as an economic commodity.

F) None of the above
G) B) and D)

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Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two. -Pueblo Revolt

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What was a commonality shared between the Asians who crossed the Bering Strait and the Europeans who crossed the Atlantic Ocean thousands of years later?


A) Both groups were sent there by powerful monarchs.
B) Both groups were driven by the desire to hunt large mammals.
C) Both groups started as slaves and then gained their freedom during the journey.
D) Both groups trekked during bitter ice ages.
E) Both groups were searching for resources.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

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Unlike Spanish missionaries, which of the following was true of the Jesuits in regard to converting Indians?


A) The Jesuits did not suppress traditional Indian religious customs.
B) The Jesuits converted Indians to Protestant faiths instead of Catholicism.
C) The Jesuits rarely had success with their conversions.
D) The Jesuit conversion methods went against the directives of Samuel de Champlain.
E) The Jesuits used methods that destroyed French and Indian relations.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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For Indians, generosity was among the most valued social qualities.

A) True
B) False

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The Spanish aim was to exterminate or remove the Indians from the New World.

A) True
B) False

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A seventeenth-century colonial woman who believed she was cheated out of money would have the best chance of having her case heard if she lived in


A) New Amsterdam.
B) Mexico City.
C) Jamestown.
D) Quebec.
E) Santa Fe.

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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Johannes Gutenberg's printing press allowed news of Columbus's explorations to spread quickly.

A) True
B) False

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Pueblo Indians lived in what is now


A) the eastern United States.
B) the southwestern United States.
C) the Yucatan Peninsula.
D) the northeastern United States.
E) western Canada.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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What geographic error did Columbus make?


A) He grossly underestimated the size of the earth.
B) He thought the earth was not round but flat.
C) He was certain that India was east of the Americas.
D) He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic.
E) He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a paragraph or two. -Christopher Columbus

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Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) was an ...

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What was the significance of Puerto Rico during Spanish exploration?


A) It was where the Indians revolted and booted out the Spanish.
B) It was rare among European colonies in that it had gold.
C) It later broke away from Spain and became an independent nation.
D) Under Spanish rule, slavery was outlawed and all residents had equal rights.
E) Natives in this colony were immune to European diseases.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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How does Eric Foner justify characterizing America in the early colonial period as made up of "borderlands"?


A) Boundaries between empires were fixed.
B) Europeans established authority quickly and easily.
C) Hybrid cultures developed.
D) Native people did not resist conquest.
E) Native people were unwilling to trade with settlers.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

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