Exam 3: Biological and Biosocial Theories

A) twin studies
B) family tree studies
C) adoption studies
D) in vitro fertilization studies
E) none of the above

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) they tend to have abnormally high testosterone levels
B) they suffer disproportionately from learning disabilities
C) they tend to have unusual delta brain wave activity, which may interfere with cognitive functioning
D) they have inadequately developed superegos that lower their self-control
E) their autonomic nervous systems tend to be slow in responding to stimuli

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

Answered by ExamLex AI

Twin and adoption studies have been cond...

View Answer

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) defective intelligence
B) a stunting of physical growth
C) moral deficiency
D) an abnormal chromosomal configuration
E) a more primitive life form who appears to be human

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

Answered by ExamLex AI

The recent twin and adoption study debate between Burt and Simons and Barnes revolves around the influence of genetics and environment on behavior and intelligence. Burt and Simons argue that genetics play a significant role in shaping behavior and intelligence, citing twin studies that show a high heritability for these traits. On the other hand, Barnes argues that the environment, particularly the influence of socioeconomic factors, has a greater impact on behavior and intelligence. Both sides present compelling arguments, but ultimately, the stronger argument lies with Burt and Simons. Twin studies have consistently shown a high heritability for traits such as intelligence, and recent advances in genetic research have further supported the role of genetics in shaping behavior. Additionally, adoption studies have also demonstrated the influence of genetics on behavior and intelligence, as adopted children often exhibit similarities to their biological parents in these areas. While the environment undoubtedly plays a role in shaping behavior and intelligence, the evidence from twin and adoption studies strongly supports the influence of genetics. Therefore, Burt and Simons' argument for the significant role of genetics in these traits is more convincing.

Correct Answer

Answered by ExamLex AI

Behavioral genetics and evolutionary psy...

View Answer

Show Answer

A) abnormally high testosterone levels that make them overly aggressive
B) abnormal chromosomal patterns that provide a criminal impulse
C) unusual delta brain wave activity that may interfere with cognitive functioning
D) inadequately developed superegos that lower their self-control
E) autonomic nervous systems that are relatively slower in responding to stimuli

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

Answered by ExamLex AI

The argument that criminal behavior is not passed down like physical features can be based on the understanding that criminal behavior is a complex interplay of environmental, social, and psychological factors rather than a direct genetic inheritance like eye color or facial features. Physical features such as eye color are determined by specific genes inherited from our parents. These traits are often straightforward expressions of genetic information. For example, the pigment melanin, which is encoded by our genes, determines eye color. This is a relatively simple genetic mechanism, and these traits are typically consistent and observable in a person's phenotype. In contrast, criminal behavior is not a simple trait that can be directly linked to a single gene or a set of genes. It is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by a wide range of factors, including but not limited to: 1. **Genetic predispositions**: While there may be genetic factors that predispose individuals to certain behaviors, these do not predetermine criminality. Instead, they may influence traits such as impulsivity or aggression, which could increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior under certain circumstances. 2. **Environmental factors**: A person's environment plays a significant role in shaping behavior. This includes family dynamics, socioeconomic status, education, peer influence, and exposure to violence or criminal activity. These factors can have a profound impact on an individual's choices and opportunities, which can in turn influence criminal behavior. 3. **Social and cultural norms**: The definition of criminal behavior varies across different societies and cultures, as well as over time within the same society. What is considered criminal in one context may not be in another, indicating that criminal behavior is not an inherent trait but rather a classification that depends on societal laws and norms. 4. **Individual psychology**: Personal experiences, mental health, and individual decision-making processes also contribute to the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. These psychological aspects are shaped by a combination of genetics, environment, and personal history. 5. **Learning and adaptation**: People learn and adapt their behaviors based on consequences and rewards. Criminal behavior can be learned through modeling or reinforcement in an individual's environment, rather than being a trait passed down from parents. In summary, while there may be genetic components that influence certain behaviors associated with criminality, the direct inheritance of criminal behavior like a physical trait is not supported by scientific evidence. Criminal behavior is the result of a complex interaction of various factors, and it cannot be attributed to genetic inheritance in the same way as physical features.

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) Mednick
B) Bentham
C) Freud
D) Lombroso
E) Hirschi and Hindelang

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) Slow ANS responsiveness is associated with lesser ability to learn from reinforcement and punishment
B) Slow ANS responsiveness is linked to low IQ
C) Fast ANS responsiveness is associated with impulsivity
D) Fast ANS responsiveness is linked to inability to control aggressive impulses
E) a and d

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

A) equal environment assumption
B) inclusion of kinship pairs
C) poor measurement for self-control
D) reliance on one dataset
E) small confidence intervals for heritability estimates

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer

Correct Answer

verified

True

A) IQ is directly related to delinquency; those low in intelligence are more apt to miscalculate the risks and consequences associated with illegal behavior
B) IQ is related to delinquency indirectly through its impact on school performance
C) IQ is related to official delinquency, but there is no connection between IQ and self-reported delinquency; what this suggests is that those high in intelligence are more adept at evading detection by official agents of social control
D) There is an interaction between IQ and social class; within the most socioeconomically disadvantaged segments of American society, it is those with high intelligence who are most likely to commit crime
E) IQ tests are so racially and culturally biased that they are virtually useless in shedding light on the connection between intelligence and delinquency

Correct Answer

verified

Show Answer