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The ANSI has defined standards that govern SQL database transactions. Transaction support is provided by two SQL statements: ____ and ROLLBACK.


A) RETRIEVE
B) ASSIGN
C) UPDATE
D) COMMIT

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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The phenomenon of uncommitted data occurs when two transactions are executed concurrently and the first transaction is rolled back after the second transaction has already accessed the uncommitted data-thus violating the isolation property of transactions.

A) True
B) False

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A ____ lock locks the entire diskpage.


A) transaction-level
B) table-level
C) page-level
D) row-level

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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The ____ manager is responsible for assigning and policing the locks used by the transactions.


A) transaction
B) database
C) lock
D) schedule

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The DBMS keeps several copies of ____________________ to ensure that a disk physical failure will not impair the DBMS's ability to recover data.

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The implicit beginning of a transaction is ____.


A) when the database is started
B) when a table is accessed for the first time
C) when the first SQL statement is encountered
D) when the COMMIT command is issued

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Most multiuser ______________________________ automatically initiate and enforce locking procedures, where all locking information is managed by the lock manager.

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DBMSs
database manag...

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A(n) ____ lock exists when concurrent transactions are granted read access on the basis of a common lock.


A) shared
B) exclusive
C) binary
D) two-phase

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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An optimistic approach is based on the assumption that the majority of the database operations do not conflict.

A) True
B) False

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Most real-world database transactions are formed by only one database request.

A) True
B) False

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A ____ lock locks the entire table preventing access to any row by a transaction while another transaction is using the table.


A) database-level
B) table-level
C) page-level
D) row-level

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The ____________________ interleaves the execution of database operations to ensure serializability.

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The multiuser DBMS must implement controls to ensure serializability and isolation of transactions, in addition to atomicity and durability, in order to guard the database's consistency and integrity.

A) True
B) False

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ANSI defines four events that signal the end of a transaction. Of the following events, which is defined by ANSI as being equivalent to a ROLLBACK?


A) Five SQL statements are executed.
B) The end of a program is successfully reached.
C) The program is abnormally terminated.
D) The database is shut down for maintenance.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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____ means that data used during the execution of a transaction cannot be used by a second transaction until the first one is completed.


A) Serializability
B) Atomicity
C) Isolation
D) Time stamping

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The scheduler establishes the order in which the operations within concurrent transactions are executed.

A) True
B) False

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The ____ approach to scheduling concurrent transactions assigns a global unique stamp to each transaction.


A) scheduled
B) table-locking
C) unique
D) timestamping

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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A(n) ____ phase in a two-phase lock is when a transaction releases all locks and cannot obtain any new lock.


A) growing
B) shrinking
C) locking
D) unlocking

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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As a rule, a(n) ____________________ must unlock the object after its termination.

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A(n) ____ lock has only two stages (0 and 1) .


A) shared
B) exclusive
C) binary
D) two-phase

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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