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Exam 10: Introduction to Simple Experiments

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Question 31

Multiple Choice

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Generally,what is the main priority for experimental studies?

A) Construct validity
B) External validity
C) Internal validity
D) Statistical validity

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Question 32

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Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy") .Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again") .Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral) . When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. -Which of the following is a NOT control variable in Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A) The number of words on the word list
B) The amount of time allowed for remembering/typing the words
C) The amount of time allowed for memorizing the words
D) The mood of the participants

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Question 33

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Name three advantages of within-groups designs.

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy") .Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again") .Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral) . When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. -Which of the following is an independent variable in Dr.Lonsbary's study?

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy") .Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again") .Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral) . When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. -In Dr.Lonsbary's study,which of the following does NOT exist?

Dr.Alfonse,a developmental psychologist,conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs.A group of 45 first-graders are shown two copies of a book (Little Red Riding Hood) at the same time.Although the story is the same,one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos.Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer.This is an example of which of the following designs?

Explain why control variables are necessary in experiments and why they are not actually variables.

Which of the following should Dr.Lonsbary NOT conclude from her study?

Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr.Lonsbary's study?

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies ________ with the independent variable.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design?

Dr.Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory.She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups.Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry,Be Happy") .Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again") .Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral) . When a participant would come to her laboratory,Dr.Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card.Participants who drew a 1,2,or 3 were assigned to Group A.Participants who drew a 4,5,or 6,were assigned to Group B.Participants who drew a 7,8,or 9,were assigned to Group C.The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment.The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence.They were then escorted into a different room,where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment.The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen.They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words.All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed,the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy,sad,or neutral.After the participant responded,a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words.All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered.Afterward,the participant was thanked and dismissed.In response to the mood question,a majority of Group A participants said they were happy,a majority of Group B participants said they were sad,and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood.Dr.Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. -Which of the following allows Dr.Lonsbary to conclude that she met the temporal precedence rule for causality?

Dr.Kline,an environmental psychologist,conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation.He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes.He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit.Which of the following is NOT true of Dr.Kline's study?

Which of the following is NOT true of control variables?