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Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?


A) The ego and conscious thought processes do not play a dominant role in our personality as Freud believed.
B) Personality is set by age one.
C) The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
D) Biological basis of personality is much more important than Freud thought.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of _____ test of personality.


A) a lexical
B) an observational
C) a projective
D) an empirically keyed self-report

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him.Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage.According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her _____.Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____.


A) ego; id
B) ego; superego
C) superego; id
D) id; superego

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Six-month-old Ian loves to suck on anything he can get his hands on (e.g., fingers, dolls, blocks, rattles) .The fact that Ian receives pleasure and comfort by exploring the world with his mouth suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.


A) phallic
B) oral
C) anal
D) genital

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was created by


A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Karen Horney.
C) Alfred Adler.
D) Henry Murray.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Describe Carl Rogers's approach to personality.

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Rogers believed that each person is born...

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Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals


A) show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
B) use their innate strengths to fulfill their conscious and unconscious instincts for pleasure, and focus primarily on subjective reality to determine their own sense of truth.
C) have achieved self-actualization, are truthful, work for the common good, and believe in social justice.
D) do not use defense mechanisms, are logical, independent, and financially successful.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Trait theories of personality


A) state that situational factors override personal characteristics.
B) focus on how the unconscious mind influences personality.
C) take a more optimistic view of human nature than humanistic psychologists do.
D) focus on lasting personality characteristics.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as


A) reciprocal determinism.
B) collective unconscious.
C) behavioral genetics.
D) conditions of worth.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Rachel has a pessimistic attitude.She worries incessantly about things and can never seem to see the positive side of life.According to the biological perspective, Rachel's attitude could best be explained by low levels of


A) glutamate.
B) serotonin.
C) dopamine.
D) adrenaline.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is true of the three structures of personality described by Freud?


A) According to Freud, the id is completely conscious, whereas the ego is partly unconscious.
B) In Freud's view, the id has contact with reality.
C) The superego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the ego.
D) According to Freud, the ego helps individuals to test reality.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated.She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood.In high school, her boyfriend asked her to miss school and go on a cruise with him, but something from inside her told her not to.She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground.Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?


A) superego
B) preconscious
C) id
D) ego

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?


A) displacement
B) sublimation
C) repression
D) fixation

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Which of the following is true regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?


A) The test is highly regarded and utilized heavily in personality research.
B) The test is one of the most objective tests used in clinical research.
C) The test has been shown to be extraordinarily reliable.
D) The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Alfred Adler believed that birth order


A) put first-borns at an advantage.
B) had the potential to doom anyone.
C) influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority.
D) only had an impact in the case of sensitive parenting.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What is self-efficacy and why is this concept so important to the study of personality?

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Self-efficacy is the belief that one has...

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John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him.This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of


A) regression.
B) repression.
C) sublimation.
D) projection.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Discuss the characteristics of self-report tests and projective measures of personality.

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The most commonly used method of measuri...

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What are the big five factors of personality? Are the big five factors related to one another?

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The big five factors of personality are ...

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Which of the following behaviors is typical of a person fixated at the oral stage of development and using the defense mechanism of reaction formation?


A) puritanical attitude toward sex
B) dislike of milk
C) excessive modesty
D) fear of dirt

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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