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What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?


A) The key to progress was proper social organization.
B) Sexual freedom was a necessary component of political freedom.
C) Nature should be worshiped as a god.
D) Ownership of private property was a crime.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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In December 1825, some three thousand Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?


A) Paul
B) Nicholas I
C) Peter III
D) Ivan IV

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?


A) As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation
B) As a collection of ethnic groups with cultural independence
C) As a group of allied states with political autonomy
D) As a territory divided into noble domains

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Answer the following questions: -Reform Bill of 1832


A) A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B) The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C) The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D) A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E) An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F) The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G) The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H) An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I) Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J) The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K) The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L) A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M) A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N) British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O) A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P) An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Q) I) and J)
R) C) and I)

Correct Answer

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Answer the following questions: -Karlsbad Decrees


A) A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B) The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C) The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D) A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E) An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F) The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G) The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H) An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I) Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J) The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K) The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L) A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M) A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N) British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O) A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P) An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Q) C) and F)
R) E) and H)

Correct Answer

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Answer the following questions: -nationalism


A) A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B) The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C) The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D) A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E) An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F) The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G) The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H) An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I) Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J) The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K) The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L) A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M) A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N) British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O) A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P) An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Q) A) and I)
R) A) and N)

Correct Answer

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Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to


A) disprove the value of folk wisdom in their promotion of Enlightenment rationalism.
B) find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.
C) identify fundamental stories and themes that could be used by governments to manipulate the population.
D) demonstrate the superiority of their culture over other cultures.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832


A) gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation.
B) retained electoral districts with very few voters.
C) quadrupled the number of voters.
D) granted the right to vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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The years 1815 to 1848 witnessed the rise and evolution of the ideology of socialism. Describe this evolution, being sure to emphasize the principal components. To what extent did socialism reflect the attitudes and aspirations of working people of the time? How did the revolutions of 1848 reflect the impact of socialist ideals?

Correct Answer

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Answer would ideally include: Students s...

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The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded


A) laws to forbid employing Irish workers in English factories.
B) universal male suffrage.
C) expansion of the military forces of Great Britain as a means of dealing with widespread unemployment.
D) tariffs to keep foreign products from competing with domestic production.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?


A) The amount of land a peasant could lease increased with the number of children in his household.
B) Landlords, believing that large families were guarantees of stability, would only lease land to families with at least five children.
C) Extensive cultivation of the humble potato provided sufficient nutrition for population growth.
D) The Industrial Revolution in England created a never-ending source of employment for Ireland's surplus population.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?


A) As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence.
B) Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire.
C) Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism.
D) Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Answer the following questions: -romanticism


A) A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B) The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C) The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D) A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E) An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F) The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G) The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H) An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I) Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J) The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K) The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L) A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M) A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N) British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O) A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P) An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Q) C) and D)
R) M) and O)

Correct Answer

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During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?


A) Middle-class liberals reinforced free-trade economic policies that would harm the working class.
B) Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms.
C) Middle-class liberals instituted high property requirements for voting rights.
D) Workers demanded property redistribution.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Answer the following questions: -Greater Germany


A) A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain-and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
B) The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
C) The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
D) A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.
E) An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
F) The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
G) The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
H) An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
I) Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
J) The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.
K) The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.
L) A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
M) A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
N) British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
O) A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
P) An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

Q) F) and J)
R) G) and N)

Correct Answer

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Austrian chancellor Metternich and other conservatives fought a tenacious battle to resurrect and maintain the prerevolutionary Old Regime. What were the motivations, methods, successes, and failures of Metternich and the conservatives?

Correct Answer

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How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?


A) It expanded the size of the army to provide employment.
B) It provided free bread and cheese rations in all of the major cities.
C) It ordered the deportation of all non-French citizens.
D) It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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The following rights were listed in an 1848 political pamphlet entitled Demands of the German People (Thinking Like a Historian) : "Unconditional freedom of the press. . . . Administration of justice before a jury. General granting of citizen's rights for German citizens. A just system of taxation based on income. Prosperity, training, and teaching for all. Balancing out of disparities between capital and labor. Popular and just State administration. Responsibility of Ministers and civil servants. Removal of all prejudices." This list of rights suggests that its authors believed in


A) the supremacy of the nation state.
B) conservative authoritarianism.
C) the principles of classical liberalism.
D) radical equality.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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What led to a series of new republics in Spanish South America?

Correct Answer

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Answer would ideally include: By the lat...

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How did Alexis de Tocqueville understand the political weakness of socialism in mid-nineteenth-century France?

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